Centro de Documentação da PJ
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Scientific examination of questioned documents / Ordway Hilton.- Revised ed.- Boca Raton [etc.] : CRC Press, 1993.- xv, 424 p. : il. ; 24 cm. - (CRC Series in Forensic and Police Science)
ISBN 0-8493-9510-0
ESCRITA MANUAL, ESCRITA DACTILOGRAFADA, EXAME DE DOCUMENTO, ANÁLISE DE DOCUMENTO, EXAME DE PAPEL, IMPRESSÃO GRÁFICA, IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE DOCUMENTOS, FALSIFICAÇÃO DE DOCUMENTO
Preface. Acknowledgments. PART I - Introduction and Basic Definitions - 1 Preliminary considerations: Documents and questioned documents. Examiner of questioned documents. Standards. Reference collections. Instruments. Scientific examination of documents. Probability of accidental coincidence. Nonidentity of source. Natural variation. The opinion. Basis of effective court presentation. Indefinite findings. Scope of document problems. 2 Definitions of terms: General terms. Handwriting. Typewriting. Altered documents. Other identification problems. Photographs and other reproductions. PART II - What Examination of a Document May Reveal - 3 Instruments and materials used to prepare documents: The pen. Writing inks. Pencils. Crayons and marking pencils. The typewriter. Computer printouts. Carbon copies. Typewriter ribbons. Correction liquid and paper. Adding machines, calculators, and cash registers. Mechanical recording devices. Check writers. Hand and impression stamps. Mimeograph and office duplicating methods. Address stencils and plates. Printed matter. Paper examination. Carbon paper. Seals and authenticating devices. Adhesive stamps. Grouping and binding devices. Conclusions. 4 Alterations in Documents: Erasures. Associated evidence. Cutting. Interlineations and additions. Obliterated or smeared-over writing. Altered photocopies. Proof of an unaltered document. Conclusions. 5 Damaged documents: damage and obliteration by water. Light-faded inks. Stained documents. Torn documents. Charred documents. Conclusions. 6 Accidental markings and impressions on a document: Latent fingerprints. Writing offsets. Impressed writing. Foreign traces. Conclusions. 7 Additional clues for the investigator: Indicative information. Illegible handwriting. Blank papers. Secret inks. Ballot frauds. Conclusions. PART III - Discovery of Facts by Comparison With Known Material - 8 Identification of handwriting: Writing Forms and qualities. Arrangement of writing. Writing variation. Class and individual characteristics. Identification in a practical situation. Nonidentity of writings. Typical problems involving writing identification. Holographic wills. Inhibiting factors. Disguise. Conclusions. 9 Identification of signatures and detection of forgery: Genuine signatures. Unusual genuine signatures. Detection of forgery. Forgery of holographic documents. Identifying the forger. Assisted or guided signatures. Identification of initials and illiterates' marks. Conclusions. 10 Identification of handlettering and numerals: Handlettering. Numerals. Conclusions. Typewriting Identification: Printing defects. Machine defects. Variation. Transitory defects. Basis of identification. Typebar machine. Proportional spacing typewriting. Single element type ball machines. Proportional spacing single element machines. The electronic typewriter. Identification problems. Identification of the typist. Identification by typewriter ribbon. Forgery of a typewriter. Disguised typewriting. Other mechanical impressions, including check writers and printing identifications: Check writers and check-writing units. Adding-machine tapes and cash-register receipts. Other recording machines. Computer printouts. Time clocks and date stamps. Printed matter. 13 Age of a document: Dating by materials. Dating by changes in materials. Dating by comparison. Dating by chance marks. Combination of factors. Conclusions. PART IV - The Attorney-Investigator's Role in a Questioned Document Problem - 14 Preparation and collection of handwriting standards: Collected standards. Sources of standards. Request standards. Special considerations for request signatures. Combination of request and collected standards. Standards for special problems. Standards prepared under cross-examination. Handlettered standards. Conclusions. 15 Typewriting Standards: Standards for machine identification. Single element standards. Standards to identify the operator. Conclusions. 16 Care, handling, and preservation of documents: Protective envelopes. Early submission for examination. Proper storage. Avoid excessive handling. Do not mark . Do not fold, cut, or tear. Do not allow “amateur" testing. Charred documents. Conclusions. 17 Reproduction of documents: Photographs. Today's dry-photocopying systems. Earlier reproduction methods. Other methods. Analysis of photocopies. Fraudulent photocopies. PART V - The Document Problem Goes To Court - 18 Preparation for trial: The document examiner's preparation. Special reports and conferences. 19 In the Court Room: Proof of standards. The document examiner's testimony. Purpose of the document examiner in court. Document examiners as opposing witnesses. Use of more than one expert witness. Affidavits and depositions by document examiners. Conclusions.