Centro de Documentação da PJ
Monografia

2909920.A.122
LERSCH, Kim Michelle
Space, time, and crime / Kim Michelle Lersch.- 2nd ed.- Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, 2007.- xvi, 316 p. ; 23 cm
ISBN 978-1-59460-326-6

CRIMINOLOGIA, SOCIOLOGIA CRIMINAL, ANÁLISE CRIMINAL, MEIO AMBIENTE E O CRIME, PREVENÇÃO CRIMINAL, MAPEAMENTO DO CRIME

Chapter 1 The basics of space, time and crime. Crime places and spaces in history. What is space? What is time? The language of temporal analysis. Moments in time. Duration. Distance as time. What is crime? A note on crime and deviance. Defining crimes. Counting crimes: official statistics. Calls for service. Incident data. Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform. Crime Reports (FBI UCR). The National Incident-Based Reporting System: The new UCR? Counting crimes: “unofficial” data. Surveys: the good, the bad, and the ugly. National Crime Victimization Survey. Self report surveys. Qualitative techniques. Summary. Chapter 2 Positivism, social ecology, and the Chicago School. Setting the stage: Chicago at the turn of the 20th Century. Are certain groups inherently inferior? The “feebleminded” debate. Cesare Lombroso and the criminal man. IQ, heredity, and crime: the thoughts of Henry Goddard. Enter the Chicago School. The sociology of Emile Durkheim (1858–1917): Societal growth and anomie. The Invasion, dominance, and succession of Robert Ezra Park (1864–1944). The Development of natural areas. Burgess’ contributions: life in the zones. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: delinquency and place. The data: official delinquency reports. Spot, rate, and zone map construction. The distribution of delinquency and other social conditions by zones. Economic conditions and population shifts. So, what is happening in the inner zones? Social disorganization and juvenile delinquency. Critiques of social disorganization theory. The Saints and the Roughnecks: a lesson in labelling. Other critiques of social disorganization. The legacy of the Chicago School. Crime and community-level factors. Crime and poverty. Crime and ethnic/racial heterogeneity. Crime and population density. Crime and Instability. Sampson’s concept of collective efficacy and crime. In the Chicago School tradition . . . Spotlight on research I—From “the social ecology of youth violence”, Elijah Anderson. Down Germantown Avenue. Works cited. Chapter 3 Choosing crime. The evolution of the Classical school of Criminology. Cesare Beccaria on crimes and punishments (1764). The keys to deterrence: certain, swift, and proportionate punishments. From Classical to Neoclassical and beyond. So what works? The never ending debate. Contemporary applications of Classical Criminology. Rational choice. Cornish and Clarke’s decision models. Event decisions. Persistence and desistence. Summary: Rational choice theory. Routine activities. The Crime triangle. The problem analysis triangle: the addition of controllers. Advances in routine activities theory: the addition of social control. Summary: routine activities. Crime pattern theory. The language of crime pattern theory: nodes, paths, and edges. Crimes and cognitive maps. Cognitive maps and urban development. Target selection and the rational offender. Summary: Crime pattern theory. The bottom line: is crime rational? Summary. The decision process: to rob or not to rob. Spotlight on research II—stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation, Bruce A. Jacobs and Richard Wright. Abstract. Methods. Money, Motivation, and street culture. Fast cash. Keeping up appearances. Why robbery? Legal work. Borrowing. Discussion. References. Author affiliation. Chapter 4 Theory into practice I: building communities. Building communities. The Chicago Area Project (CAP). Empowerment zones, enterprise communities, and renewal communities. Building communities and the role of law enforcement. Agencies. The rise of contemporary community policing. “Broken Windows” and broken communities. Disorder, fear of crime, and the role of the police. Community policing. Community/police problem solving in action. The current state of community policing. Community policing: post September 11th. Zero tolerance policing. Problems with community building efforts. Theoretical summary. Can a community be built where no community exists? Do community building efforts ignore the “real” problems? Summary. Chapter 5 Theory into practice II: altering the physical environment. The beginnings: the works of Jane Jacobs and Oscar Newman. Oscar Newman’s defensible space. Will defensible space be defended? Crime prevention through environmental design. The Strategies of CPTED. CPTED in practice. Spotlight on practice. Rebuilding genesis park, charlotte, North Carolina. Fresno, California’s Child Custody Program. Taking back an intersection. The bottom line: does CPTED Work? Situational crime prevention. Opportunity as a cause of crime. The opportunity reduction techniques of situational crime prevention: an evolving typology. The third evolution: twenty-five techniques of situational prevention. Situational crime prevention in practice. Summary. Critiques and concerns. Chapter 6 The analysis of crime. What is crime analysis? Historical development of crime analysis. The growth of “smart” policing. Contemporary crime analysis: the building of a profession. Challenges with crime analysis: the “haves” versus the “have-nots”. Challenges with crime analysis: the problem of data. Types of crime analysis. Space, time, and crime analysis: hot spots & burning times. Causes of hot spots. Types of hot spots: Ratcliffe’s hot spot matrix. Targeting hot spots: directed patrols. Spotlight on practice I—Mapping auto theft in the Bronx, Christopher Herrmann and Sue-Lin Wong. References. About the authors. Strategic crime analysis: the next step. Wolves and ducks and dens: oh my! Strategic crime analysis and community policing problem solving efforts. The SARA model: analysis in action. The SARA Process: one agency’s experience. Summary. Spotlight on practice II—Tactical crime analysis. Musings from the Cambridge Police Department, Christopher Bruce. The day begins with the reports. A database for crime analysts. Mapping. Dissemination. The end of the day. Chapter 7 The Mapping of Crime. The growth of computerized crime mapping: from push pins to PCs. Overcoming the obstacles. Uses of crime mapping. Descriptive mapping: computerized pin maps and more. Analytical mapping: beyond the individual crime incident locations. Analyzing domestic violence in Baltimore. Geographic profiling: hunting serial criminals. The geography of time: spatio-temporal considerations. Crime mapping for police operations: The COMPSTAT model. The principles of COMPSTAT. Specific objectives: Defining priorities. Accurate and timely intelligence. Effective tactics. A note on strategies within COMPSTAT. Rapid deployment of personnel and resources. Relentless follow-up and assessment. The future of COMPSTAT. Summary. Spotlight on practice III—Tactical Crime Analysis and Geographic Information Systems: concepts and examples, Mary Velasco and Rachel Boba. Introduction. Tactical Crime Analysis Approach. Series. Spree . Hot spot. Hot dot. Hot product. Hot target. Tactical Crime Analysis Mapping. Example 1: Analysis of residential burglary. Example 2: Analysis of auto theft and recovery locations. Example 3: Identifying investigative leads for a sexual assault. Summary. References. Chapter 8 Some “radical” closing thoughts. Radical criminology. Theoretical assumptions. Conflict criminology and the control of public space. Controlling street cruising. outlawing Hip Hop graffiti. Who’s got the power? Conflict versus Marxist perspectives. Death by Pintos or Pizzas: is there really a difference? Thinking outside of the box: the radical perspective. Radical critiques. What could be wrong with rebuilding communities? The dark side of community policing: a wolf in sheep’s clothing? Too much weeding and not enough seeding? Radical critiques of choice based policies. Monopoly, anyone?. Crime displacement: is the glass half empty? The Ethics of crime prevention. Is there something truly sinister going on in lower income communities? The issue of environmental justice. Lead exposure and crime. Lead and space: hot spots of crime, or hot spots of lead? Summary. Bibliography.