Centro de Documentação da PJ
Monografia

3406622.E.20
HEUNI. European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations
Exploitation of migrant workers in Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania : uncovering the links between recruitment, irregular employment practices and labour trafficking / ed. Natalia Ollus, ed. Anniina Jokinen, ed. Matti Joutsen.- Helsinki : HEUNI, 2013.- 359 p. ; 25 cm. - (Publication series. [Heuni Report Series] ; 75)
Disponível também através de: http://www.heuni.fi/Etusivu/Publications/1368802816918. Acedido a 18 de Novembro de 2013.
ISBN 978-952-5333-89-3

TRÁFICO DE PESSOAS, ESCRAVATURA, MIGRANTE, FINLÂNDIA, SUÉCIA, ESTÓNIA, LITUÂNIA

Recruitment, exploitation of migrant workers and labour trafficking in Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania: introduction and research findings (Anniina Jokinen and Natalia Ollus). Introduction and research objectives. Research framework. Indicators on trafficking for forced labour. Relevant international treaties on trafficking in persons. Main findings. Irregular recruitment practices in Estonia and Lithuania. Irregular recruitment practices in Finland and Sweden. Exploitation of migrant labour. Victim identification and assistance. Prevention of exploitation. Conclusions and recommendations. Recruitment practices. Victim assistance and support. Prevention measures. References. “We’ve got people lined up behind the door”: placing the trafficking and exploitation of migrant workers in context in the restaurant and cleaning sectors in Finland (Natalia Ollus and Anniina Jokinen). 1. Introduction. 1.1 Aims of this report. 1.2 The Finnish context concerning trafficking in human beings. 1.3 Migrants in Finland. 1.4 Labour market policies in the cleaning and restaurant sectors. 2. Data and methods. 2.1 Data and materials. 2.2 Analysis. 3. Migration and employment policies in Finland. 3.1 The perceived shortage of labour and assessment of available labour. 3.2 Exploitation leading to trafficking? 4. Recruitment of migrant workers and work permits. 4.1 Recruitment mechanisms. 4.2 Work permits. 5. The grey economy and exploitative practices in the cleaning and restaurant sectors. 5.1 The cleaning sector. 5.2 The restaurant sector. 5.3 Flexibility and dependency: the context for exploitation. 6. Prevention of exploitation of migrant workers and trafficking for forced labour. 6.1 Seeking help and disclosing labour exploitation. 6.2 Prevention of exploitation and the role of the authorities and employers. 7. Discussion and recommendations. 7.1 Summary of main results. 7.2 Discussion on the findings. 7.3 Recommendations. References. Trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation in sweden: examples from the restaurant and the berry industries (Louisa Vogiazides and Charlotta Hedberg). Summary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Aim and approach of the report. 2. Methodology. 3. Context and legislation. 3.1 Human trafficking for forced labour in the Swedish context. 3.2 Swedish labour immigration policy. 3.3 Restaurant and berry sectors in Sweden. 4. Recruitment of migrant workers. 4.1 Recruitment through social networks. 4.2 Use of recruitment agencies. 4.3 Recruitment through middlemen: trade in work permits. 4.4 Deceptive recruitment practices. 5. Coercive recruitment and employment practices. 6. Exploitative working conditions. 6.1 Earnings. 6.2 Working hours. 6.3 Living conditions. 7. Arrangements of indebtedness. 8. Abuse of the vulnerability of migrants. 9. Challenges in the prevention of migrant labour exploitation. 9.1 Lack of complaints from the migrants. 9.2 Acceptance by migrants of exploitative situations. 9.3 Difficulties in detecting and proving human trafficking for forced labour. 9.4 Lack of accountability in the berry industry. 10. Summary and recommendations. 10.1 Summary. Legislative and policy background. Recruitment practices and working conditions. Challenges. 10.2 Recommendations. Recommendations for policymakers. Recommendations for employers and other economic actors. Recommendations for consumers and the civil society. Policy considerations regarding the berry-picking sector. References. Estonian migrant workers as targets of trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation (Kadri Soo and Anna Markina). 1. Introduction. 1.1 Aims of this report. 1.2 Existing laws and actors dealing with labour trafficking in Estonia. 1.3 Definition of human trafficking for forced labour. 2. Data and methods. 2.1 The interviews. 2.1.1 Interviews with migrant workers. 2.2 Administrative documents. 2.3 Media materials. 3. The target countries and sectors of labour migration. 3.1 The reasons for going to work abroad. 4. Recruitment. 4.1 Getting a job via agencies. 4.2 Problems concerning posted workers. 4.3 Connection with the companies exploiting foreign labour. 5. Forms of labour exploitation. 5.1 Problems related to concluding employment contracts. 5.2 Problems related to payment of wages and extra pay. 5.3 Problems related to working hours and leisure time. 5.4 Living conditions. 5.5 Violence. 5.6 Other features of labour exploitation. 6. Description of labour exploiters and mechanisms of fraud. 6.1 Hierarchical sub-contracting schemes related to labour exploitation. 6.2 Patterns in concealing the illegal and exploitive activities. 6.3 Setting up companies in the worker’s name. 7. Risk factors of forced labour and labour exploitation. 7.1 Vulnerability. 7.2 Poor awareness of rights and labour regulations. 7.3 Trustfulness and lack of language skills. 8. Summary. 9. Conclusions and recommendations. References. Lithuanian migrants as victims of human trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation abroad (Diana Janušauskiene). 1. Introduction. 2. The concept and legal regulation of human trafficking and forced labour in Lithuania. 3. The scope of the problem and problems of victims identification. 3.1 Why victims do not apply for help? 4. Prevention and victim assistance. 5.The mechanisms of employment of Lithuanian nationals. 5.1 The legal framework of the employment of Lithuanian nationals abroad. 5.2 The channels of Lithuanian nationals’ entry to foreign labour market. 5.3 Search for work abroad via ads. 5.4. The role of labour exchanges and employment agencies. 6. Labour exploitation and human trafficking for forced labour. 6.1 The characteristics of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals abroad. 6.2 Human trafficking for forced labour abroad. 7. Conclusions. 8. Recommendations. References.