Centro de Documentação da PJ
Monografia
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| CD223 |
Engaging privacy and information technology in a digital age [Documento electrónico] / ed. James Waldo, ed. Herbert S. Lin, ed. Lynette I. Millett.- Washington, DC : The National Academies Press, 2007.- 1 CD-ROM ; 12 cm
Ficheiro de 2,34 MB em formato pdf (452 p.).
ISBN 0-309-66732-1
PRIVACIDADE, TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, DIREITO À PRIVACIDADE, SEGURANÇA DE DADOS, ESTADOS UNIDOS
Part I. Thinking about privacy. 1 THINKING ABOUT PRIVACY. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 What is privacy? 1.3 An illustrative case. 1.4 The dynamics of privacy. 1.4.1 The information age. 1.4.2 Information transformed and the role of technology. 1.4.3 Societal shifts and changes in institutional practice. 1.4.4 Discontinuities in circumstance and current events. 1.4.4.1 National security and law enforcement. 1.4.4.2 Disease and pandemic outbreak. 1.5 Important concepts and ideas related to privacy. 1.5.1 Personal information, sensitive information, and personally identifiable information. 1.5.2 False positives, false negatives, and data quality. 1.5.3 Privacy and anonymity. 1.5.4 Fair information practices. 1.5.5 Reasonable expectations of privacy. 1.6 Lessons from history. 1.7 Scope and map of this report. Part II - The Backdrop for Privacy. 2 INTELLECTUAL APPROACHES AND CONCEPTUAL UNDERPINNINGS. 2.1 Philosophical theories of privacy. 2.1.1 A philosophical perspective. 2.1.2 Privacy as control versus privacy as restricted access. 2.1.3 Coherence in the concept of privacy. 2.1.4 Normative theories of privacy. 2.2 Economic perspectives on privacy. 2.2.1 The rationale for an economic perspective on privacy. 2.2.2 Privacy as fraud. 2.2.3 Privacy and the assignment of property rights to individuals. 2.2.4 The economic impact of privacy regulation. 2.2.5 Privacy and behavioral economics. 2.3 Sociological approaches. 2.4 An integrating perspective. 3 TECHNOLOGICAL DRIVERS. 3.1 The impact of technology on privacy. 3.2 Hardware advances. 3.3 Software advances. 3.4 Increased connectivity and ubiquity. 3.5 Technologies combined into a data-gathering system. 3.6 Data search companies. 3.7 Biological and other sensing technologies. 3.8 Privacy-enhancing technologies. 3.8.1Privacy-enhancing technologies for use by individuals. 3.8.2 Privacy-enhancing technologies for use by information collectors. 3.8.2.1 Query control. 3.8.2.2 Statistical disclosure limitation techniques. 3.8.2.3 Cryptographic techniques. 3.8.2.4 User notification. 3.8.2.5 Information flow analysis. 3.8.2.6 Privacy-sensitive system design. 3.8.2.7 Information security tools. 3.9 Unsolved problems as privacy enhancers. 3.10 Observations. 4 THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE IN THE UNITED STATES. 4.1 Constitutional foundations. 4.1.1 The Fourth Amendment. 4.1.2 The First Amendment,. 4.1.3 The Ninth Amendment. 4.2 Common law and privacy torts. 4.3 Freedom of Information/Open Government. 4.3.1 Federal laws relevant to individual privacy. 4.3.2 Federal laws relevant to confidentiality. 4.3.3 Regulation. 4.4 Executive orders and presidential directives. 4.5 State perspectives. 4.6 International perspectives on privacy policy. 4.7 The impact of non-U.S. law on privacy. 5 THE POLITICS OF PRIVACY POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES. 5.1 The formulation of public policy. 5.2 Public opinion and the role of privacy advocates. 5.3 The role of reports. 5.4 Judicial decisions. 5.5 The formulation of corporate policy. Part III Privacy in Context. 6 PRIVACY AND ORGANIZATIONS. 6.1 Institutional use of information. 6.2 Education and Academic Research Institutions. 6.2.1 Student information collected for administrative purposes. 6.2.2 Personal information collected for research purposes. 6.3 Financial institutions. 6.4 Retail businesses. 6.5 Data aggregation organizations. 6.6 Nonprofits and charities. 6.7 Mass media and content distribution industries. 6.8 Statistical and research agencies. 6.9 Conclusion. 7 HEALTH AND MEDICAL PRIVACY. 7.1 Information and the practice of health care. 7.2 Privacy in medicine. 7.3 Addressing issues in access to and use of health data. 7.3.1 Industry self-regulation. 7.3.2 Legislation—HIPAA and Privacy. 7.3.3 Patient perspectives on privacy. 7.3.3.1 Notifications of privacy policy. 7.3.3.2 Privacy implications of greater patient involvement in health care. 7.3.3.3 Improper interpretation and unintended consequences of HIPAA privacy regulations. 7.3.3.4 Spillover privacy implications of receiving health care Services. 7.3.4 Institutional advocacy. 7.4 Open issues. 8 LIBRARIES AND PRIVACY. 8.1 The Mission of libraries. 8.2 Libraries and privacy. 8.3 Libraries and technology. 8.4 Libraries and privacy since 9/11. 8.5 Emerging technologies, privacy, and libraries. 8.6 Conclusion. 9 PRIVACY, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND NATIONAL SECURITY. 9.1 Information technology, privacy, and law enforcement. 9.1.1 Background. 9.1.2 Technology and physical observation. 9.1.3 Communications and data storage. 9.1.4 Technology and identification. 9.1.5 Aggregation and data mining. 9.1.6 Privacy concerns and law enforcement. 9.2 Information technology, privacy, and national security. 9.2.1 Background. 9.2.2 National security and technology development. 9.2.3 Legal limitations on national security data gathering. 9.2.4 Recent trends. 9.2.5 Tensions between privacy and national security. 9.3 Law enforcement, national security, and individual privacy. Part IV Findings and recommendations. 10 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 10.1 Coming to terms. 10.2 The value of privacy. 10.3 Pressures on privacy. 10.4 Making tradeoffs. 10.5 Approaches to privacy in the information age. 10.5.1 Principles. 10.5.2 Individual actions. 10.5.3 Organization-based actions. 10.5.4 Public policy actions. 10.5.4.1 Managing the privacy patchwork. 10.5.4.2 Reviewing existing privacy law and regulations. 10.5.4.3 Respecting the spirit of the law. 10.5.4.4 The relevance of fair information practices today. 10.5.4.5 Public advocates for privacy. 10.5.4.6 Establishing the means for recourse. APPENDIXES. A A short history of surveillance and privacy in the United States. B International perspectives on privacy. C Biographies.